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Liber
In ancient Roman religion and mythology, Liber ("the free one"; (ラテン語:Līber) (:ˈliːbɛr)), also known as Liber Pater ("the free Father") was a god of viticulture and wine, fertility and freedom. He was a patron deity of Rome's plebeians and was part of their Aventine Triad. His festival of Liberalia (March 17) became associated with free speech and the rights attached to coming of age. His cult and functions were increasingly associated with Romanised forms of the Greek Dionysus/Bacchus, whose mythology he came to share.〔Grimal, Pierre, (''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'' ), Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.()〕
==Origins and establishment==
Before his official adoption as a Roman deity, Liber was companion to two different goddesses in two separate, archaic Italian fertility cults; Ceres, an agricultural and fertility goddess of Rome's Hellenised neighbours, and Libera, who was Liber's female equivalent. In ancient Lavinium, he was a phallic deity. Latin ''liber'' means "free", or the "free one": when coupled with "pater", it means "The Free Father", who personifies freedom and champions its attendant rights, as opposed to dependent servitude. The word 'liber' is also understood in regard of the concept libation, ritual offering of drink, which in Greek relates to 'spondé', literally related to English 'to spend'. Roman writers of the late Republic and early Empire offer various etymological and poetic speculations based on this trope, to explain certain features of Liber's cult.〔Barbette Stanley Spaeth, ''The Roman goddess Ceres'', University of Texas Press, 1996, pp.(8 ), (44. )〕〔C.M.C. Green, "Varro's Three Theologies and their influence on the Fasti", in Geraldine Herbert-Brown, (ed)., ''Ovid's Fasti: historical readings at its bimillennium'', Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 78-80.()〕
Liber entered Rome's historical tradition soon after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the establishment of the Republic and the first of many threatened or actual plebeian secessions from Rome's patrician authority. According to Livy, the dictator A. Postumius vowed games ''(ludi)'' and a joint public temple to a Triad of Ceres, Liber and Libera on Rome's Aventine Hill, c.496 BC.〔The vow was made in hope of victory against the Latins, the relief of a famine in Rome and the co-operation of Rome's plebeian soldiery in the coming war despite the threat of their secession.〕 In 493 the vow was fulfilled: the new Aventine temple was dedicated and ''ludi scaenici'' (religious dramas) were held in honour of Liber, for the benefit of the Roman people. These early ''ludi scaenici'' have been suggested as the earliest of their kind in Rome, and may represent the earliest official festival to Liber, or an early form of his Liberalia festival.〔T.P. Wiseman, ''Remus: a Roman myth'', Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.133.〕 The formal, official development of the Aventine Triad may have encouraged the assimilation of its individual deities to Greek equivalents: Ceres to Demeter, Liber to Dionysus and Libera to Persephone or Kore.〔〔T.P. Wiseman, ''Remus: a Roman myth'', Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.133 and note 20.〕
Liber's patronage of Rome's largest, least powerful class of citizens (the plebs, or plebeian commoners) associates him with particular forms of plebeian disobedience to the civil and religious authority claimed by Rome's Republican patrician elite. The Aventine Triad has been described as parallel to the Capitoline Triad of Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus on the Capitoline Hill, within the city's sacred boundary (pomerium): and as its "copy and antithesis".〔Barbette Stanley Spaeth, ''The Roman goddess Ceres'', University of Texas Press, 1996, pp. 6-8, 92, (). Spaeth cites Henri Le Bonniec, ''Le culte de Cérès à Rome. Des origines à la fin de la République,'' Paris, Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1958, for the Aventine cult with its central female deity as "copy and antithesis" of the early, entirely male Capitoline Triad. When Mars and Quirinus were later replaced by two goddesses, Jupiter remained the primary focus of Capitoline cult.〕 The Aventine Triad was apparently installed at the behest of the Sibylline Books but Liber's position within it seems equivocal from the outset. He was a god of the grape and of wine; his early ''ludi scaenici'' virtually defined their genre thereafter as satirical, subversive theatre in a lawful religious context. Some aspects of his cults remained potentially un-Roman and offered a focus for civil disobedience. Liber asserted plebeian rights to ecstatic release, self-expression and free speech; he was, after all, ''Liber Pater'', the Free Father – a divine personification of liberty, father of plebeian wisdoms and plebeian augury.〔Barbette Stanley Spaeth, ''The Roman goddess Ceres'', University of Texas Press, 1996, pp. 6-8, 92, () While the Aventine temple and ludi may represent a patrician attempt to reconcile or at least molify the plebs, plebeian opposition to patrician domination continued throughout contemporary and later Republican history.〕
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